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+                    DIGIUM GENERAL PEERING AGREEMENT (TM)
+                      Version 1.0.0, September 2004 
+ Copyright (C) 2004 Digium, Inc.
+            150 West Park Loop Suite 100, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA 
+
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute complete verbatim copies
+ of this General Peering Agreement provided it is not modified in any
+ manner.
+
+        ------------------------------------------------------
+
+                    DIGIUM GENERAL PEERING AGREEMENT
+
+                                PREAMBLE
+
+  For most of the history of telecommunications, the power of being able
+to locate and communicate with another person in a system, be it across
+a hall or around the world, has always centered around a centralized
+authority -- from a local PBX administrator to regional and national
+RBOCs, generally requiring fees, taxes or regulation.  By contrast,
+DUNDi is a technology developed to provide users the freedom to
+communicate with each other without the necessity of any centralized
+authority.  This General Peering Agreement ("GPA") is used by individual
+parties (each, a "Participant") to allow them to build the E164 trust
+group for the DUNDi protocol.
+
+  To protect the usefulness of the E164 trust group for those who use
+it, while keeping the system wholly decentralized, it is necessary to
+replace many of the responsibilities generally afforded to a company or
+government agency, with a set of responsibilities implemented by the
+parties who use the system, themselves.  It is the goal of this document
+to provide all the protections necessary to keep the DUNDi E164 trust
+group useful and reliable.
+
+  The Participants wish to protect competition, promote innovation and
+value added services and make this service valuable both commercially
+and non-commercially.  To that end, this GPA provides special terms and
+conditions outlining some permissible and non-permissible revenue
+sources.
+
+  This GPA is independent of any software license or other license
+agreement for a program or technology employing the DUNDi protocol.  For
+example, the implementation of DUNDi used by Asterisk is covered under a
+separate license.  Each Participant is responsible for compliance with
+any licenses or other agreements governing use of such program or
+technology that they use to peer.
+
+  You do not have to execute this GPA to use a program or technology
+employing the DUNDi protocol, however if you do not execute this GPA,
+you will not be able to peer using DUNDi and the E164 context with
+anyone who is a member of the trust group by virtue of their having
+executed this GPA with another member.
+
+The parties to this GPA agree as follows: 
+
+  0. DEFINITIONS.  As used herein, certain terms shall be defined as
+follows:
+
+    (a) The term "DUNDi" means the DUNDi protocol as published by
+        Digium, Inc. or its successor in interest with respect to the
+        DUNDi protocol specification.
+
+    (b) The terms "E.164" and "E164" mean ITU-T specification E.164 as
+        published by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in
+        May, 1997.
+
+    (c) The term "Service" refers to any communication facility (e.g.,
+        telephone, fax, modem, etc.), identified by an E.164-compatible
+        number, and assigned by the appropriate authority in that
+        jurisdiction.
+
+    (d) The term "Egress Gateway" refers an Internet facility that
+        provides a communications path to a Service or Services that may
+        not be directly addressable via the Internet.
+
+    (e) The term "Route" refers to an Internet address, policies, and
+        other characteristics defined by the DUNDi protocol and
+        associated with the Service, or the Egress Gateway which
+        provides access to the specified Service.
+
+    (f) The term "Propagate" means to accept or transmit Service and/or
+        Egress Gateway Routes only using the DUNDi protocol and the
+        DUNDi context "e164" without regard to case, and does not apply
+        to the exchange of information using any other protocol or
+        context. 
+
+    (g) The term "Peering System" means the network of systems that
+        Propagate Routes.
+
+    (h) The term "Subscriber" means the owner of, or someone who
+        contracts to receive, the services identified by an E.164
+        number.
+
+    (i) The term "Authorizing Individual" means the Subscriber to a
+        number who has authorized a Participant to provide Routes
+        regarding their services via this Peering System. 
+
+    (j) The term "Route Authority" refers to a Participant that provides 
+        an original source of said Route within the Peering System. 
+        Routes are propagated from the Route Authorities through the
+        Peering System and may be cached at intermediate points.  There
+        may be multiple Route Authorities for any Service.
+
+    (k) The term "Participant" (introduced above) refers to any member
+        of the Peering System. 
+
+    (l) The term "Service Provider" refers to the carrier (e.g.,
+        exchange carrier, Internet Telephony Service Provider, or other
+        reseller) that provides communication facilities for a
+        particular Service to a Subscriber, Customer or other End User.
+
+    (m) The term "Weight" refers to a numeric quality assigned to a
+        Route as per the DUNDi protocol specification.  The current
+        Weight definitions are shown in Exhibit A.
+
+  1. PEERING. The undersigned Participants agree to Propagate Routes
+with each other and any other member of the Peering System and further
+agree not to Propagate DUNDi Routes with a third party unless they have
+first have executed this GPA (in its unmodified form) with such third
+party.  The Participants further agree only to Propagate Routes with
+Participants whom they reasonably believe to be honoring the terms of
+the GPA.  Participants may not insert, remove, amend, or otherwise
+modify any of the terms of the GPA. 
+
+  2. ACCEPTABLE USE POLICY.  The DUNDi protocol contains information
+that reflect a Subscriber's or Egress Gateway's decisions to receive
+calls.  In addition to the terms and conditions set forth in this GPA,
+the Participants agree to honor the intent of restrictions encoded in
+the DUNDi protocol.  To that end, Participants agree to the following:
+
+    (a) A Participant may not utilize or permit the utilization of 
+        Routes for which the Subscriber or Egress Gateway provider has
+        indicated that they do not wish to receive "Unsolicited Calls"
+        for the purpose of making an unsolicited phone call on behalf of
+        any party or organization.
+
+    (b) A Participant may not utilize or permit the utilization of
+        Routes which have indicated that they do not wish to receive
+        "Unsolicited Commercial Calls" for the purpose of making an
+        unsolicited phone call on behalf of a commercial organization.
+
+    (c) A Participant may never utilize or permit the utilization of any 
+        DUNDi route for the purpose of making harassing phone calls.
+
+    (d) A Party may not utilize or permit the utilization of DUNDi 
+        provided Routes for any systematic or random calling of numbers
+        (e.g., for the purpose of locating facsimile, modem services, or
+        systematic telemarketing).
+
+    (e) Initial control signaling for all communication sessions that 
+        utilize Routes obtained from the Peering System must be sent
+        from a member of the Peering System to the Service or Egress
+        Gateway identified in the selected Route.  For example, 'SIP
+        INVITES' and IAX2 "NEW" commands must be sent from the
+        requesting DUNDi node to the terminating Service.
+
+    (f) A Participant may not disclose any specific Route, Service or 
+        Participant contact information obtained from the Peering System
+        to any party outside of the Peering System except as a
+        by-product of facilitating communication in accordance with
+        section 2e (e.g., phone books or other databases may not be
+        published, but the Internet addresses of the Egress Gateway or
+        Service does not need to be obfuscated.)
+
+    (g) The DUNDi Protocol requires that each Participant include valid
+        contact information about itself (including information about
+        nodes connected to each Participant).  Participants may use or
+        disclose the contact information only to ensure enforcement of
+        legal furtherance of this Agreement.
+
+  3. ROUTES. The Participants shall only propagate valid Routes, as
+defined herein, through the Peering System, regardless of the original
+source.  The Participants may only provide Routes as set forth below,
+and then only if such Participant has no good faith reason to believe
+such Route to be invalid or unauthorized.
+
+    (a) A Participant may provide Routes if each Route has as its
+        original source another member of the Peering System who has
+        duly executed the GPA and such Routes are provided in accordance
+        with this Agreement; provided that the Routes are not modified
+        (e.g., with regards to existence, destination, technology or
+        Weight); or
+
+    (b) A Participant may provide Routes for Services with any Weight
+        for which it is the Subscriber; or
+
+    (c) A Participant may provide Routes for those Services whose
+        Subscriber has authorized the Participant to do so, provided 
+        that the Participant is able to confirm that the Authorizing
+        Individual is the Subscriber through:
+
+            i. a written statement of ownership from the Authorizing
+               Individual, which the Participant believes in good faith 
+               to be accurate (e.g., a phone bill with the name of the
+               Authorizing Individual and the number in question); or
+
+           ii. the Participant's own direct personal knowledge that the
+               Authorizing Individual is the Subscriber.
+ 
+    (d) A Participant may provide Routes for Services, with Weight in
+        accordance with the Current DUNDi Specification, if it can in
+        good faith provide an Egress Gateway to that Service on the
+        traditional telephone network without cost to the calling party.
+
+  4. REVOCATION. A Participant must provide a free, easily accessible
+mechanism by which a Subscriber may revoke permission to act as a Route
+Authority for his Service.  A Participant must stop acting as a Route
+Authority for that Service within 7 days after:
+
+    (a) receipt of a revocation request; 
+
+    (b) receiving other notice that the Service is no longer valid; or
+
+    (c) determination that the Subscriber's information is no longer
+        accurate (including that the Subscriber is no longer the service
+        owner or the service owner's authorized delegate).
+
+  5. SERVICE FEES. A Participant may charge a fee to act as a Route
+Authority for a Service, with any Weight, provided that no Participant
+may charge a fee to propagate the Route received through the Peering
+System.
+
+  6. TOLL SERVICES. No Participant may provide Routes for any Services
+that require payment from the calling party or their customer for
+communication with the Service.  Nothing in this section shall prohibit
+a Participant from providing routes for Services where the calling party
+may later enter into a financial transaction with the called party
+(e.g., a Participant may provide Routes for calling cards services). 
+
+  7. QUALITY. A Participant may not intentionally impair communication
+using a Route provided to the Peering System (e.g. by adding delay,
+advertisements, reduced quality).  If for any reason a Participant is
+unable to deliver a call via a Route provided to the Peering System,
+that Participant shall return out-of-band Network Congestion
+notification (e.g. "503 Service Unavailable" with SIP protocol or
+"CONGESTION" with IAX protocol).
+
+  8. PROTOCOL COMPLIANCE.  Participants agree to Propagate Routes in
+strict compliance with current DUNDi protocol specifications.
+
+  9. ADMINISTRATIVE FEES. A Participant may charge (but is not required
+to charge) another Participant a reasonable fee to cover administrative
+expenses incurred in the execution of this Agreement.  A Participant may
+not charge any fee to continue the relationship or to provide Routes to
+another Participant in the Peering System.
+
+  10. CALLER IDENTIFICATION. A Participant will make a good faith effort
+to ensure the accuracy and appropriate nature of any caller
+identification that it transmits via any Route obtained from the Peering
+System. Caller identification shall at least be provided as a valid
+E.164 number.
+
+  11. COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS.  The Participants are solely responsible for
+determining to what extent, if any, the obligations set forth in this
+GPA conflict with any laws or regulations their region.  A Participant
+may not provide any service or otherwise use DUNDi under this GPA if
+doing so is prohibited by law or regulation, or if any law or regulation
+imposes requirements on the Participant that are inconsistent with the
+terms of this GPA or the Acceptable Use Policy. 
+
+  12. WARRANTY. EACH PARTICIPANT WARRANTS TO THE OTHER PARTICIPANTS THAT
+IT MADE, AND WILL CONTINUE TO MAKE, A GOOD FAITH EFFORT TO AUTHENTICATE
+OTHERS IN THE PEERING SYSTEM AND TO PROVIDE ACCURATE INFORMATION IN
+ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS OF THIS GPA.  THIS WARRANTY IS MADE BETWEEN
+THE PARTICIPANTS, AND THE PARTICIPANTS MAY NOT EXTEND THIS WARRANTY TO
+ANY NON-PARTICIPANT INCLUDING END-USERS. 
+
+  13. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES. THE PARTICIPANTS UNDERSTAND AND AGREE
+THAT ANY SERVICE PROVIDED AS A RESULT OF THIS GPA IS "AS IS." EXCEPT FOR
+THOSE WARRANTIES OTHERWISE EXPRESSLY SET FORTH HEREIN, THE PARTICIPANTS
+DISCLAIM ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND OR NATURE,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE CONDITION, VALUE OR QUALITIES OF THE
+SERVICES PROVIDED HEREUNDER, AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY
+REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, SUITABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR AS TO THE CONDITION OR WORKMANSHIP THEREOF,
+OR THE ABSENCE OF ANY DEFECTS THEREIN, WHETHER LATENT OR PATENT,
+INCLUDING ANY WARRANTIES ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE OR
+TRADE PRACTICE.  EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY PROVIDED HEREIN, THE PARTICIPANTS
+EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES THAT THE PEERING
+SERVICE WILL BE CONTINUOUS, UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, THAT ANY DATA
+SHARED OR OTHERWISE MADE AVAILABLE WILL BE ACCURATE OR COMPLETE OR
+OTHERWISE COMPLETELY SECURE FROM UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS.
+
+  14. LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES.  NO PARTICIPANT SHALL BE LIABLE TO ANY
+OTHER PARTICIPANT FOR INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL,
+PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES OF ANY KIND (INCLUDING LOST REVENUES OR
+PROFITS, LOSS OF BUSINESS OR LOSS OF DATA) IN ANY WAY RELATED TO THIS
+GPA, WHETHER IN CONTRACT OR IN TORT, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER SUCH
+PARTICIPANT WAS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+  15. END-USER AGREEMENTS.  The Participants may independently enter
+into agreements with end-users to provide certain services (e.g., fees
+to a Subscriber to originate Routes for that Service).  To the extent
+that provision of these services employs the Peering System, the Parties
+will include in their agreements with their end-users terms and
+conditions consistent with the terms of this GPA with respect to the
+exclusion of warranties, limitation of liability and Acceptable Use
+Policy.  In no event may a Participant extend the warranty described in
+Section 12 in this GPA to any end-users. 
+
+  16. INDEMNIFICATION.  Each Participant agrees to defend, indemnify and
+hold harmless the other Participant or third-party beneficiaries to this
+GPA (including their affiliates, successors, assigns, agents and
+representatives and their respective officers, directors and employees)
+from and against any and all actions, suits, proceedings,
+investigations, demands, claims, judgments, liabilities, obligations,
+liens, losses, damages, expenses (including, without limitation,
+attorneys' fees) and any other fees arising out of or relating to (i)
+personal injury or property damage caused by that Participant, its
+employees, agents, servants, or other representatives; (ii) any act or
+omission by the Participant, its employees, agents, servants or other
+representatives, including, but not limited to, unauthorized
+representations or warranties made by the Participant; or (iii) any
+breach by the Participant of any of the terms or conditions of this GPA. 
+
+  17. THIRD PARTY BENEFICIARIES. This GPA is intended to benefit those
+Participants who have executed the GPA and who are in the Peering
+System. It is the intent of the Parties to this GPA to give to those
+Participants who are in the Peering System standing to bring any
+necessary legal action to enforce the terms of this GPA.
+
+  18. TERMINATION. Any Participant may terminate this GPA at any time,
+with or without cause.  A Participant that terminates must immediately
+cease to Propagate. 
+
+  19. CHOICE OF LAW. This GPA and the rights and duties of the Parties
+hereto shall be construed and determined in accordance with the internal
+laws of the State of New York, United States of America, without regard
+to its conflict of laws principles and without application of the United
+Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.
+
+  20. DISPUTE RESOLUTION. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, the
+exclusive procedure for handling disputes shall be as set forth herein.
+Notwithstanding such procedures, any Participant may, at any time, seek
+injunctive relief in addition to the process described below. 
+
+    (a) Prior to mediation or arbitration the disputing Participants
+        shall seek informal resolution of disputes. The process shall be
+        initiated with written notice of one Participant to the other
+        describing the dispute with reasonable particularity followed
+        with a written response within ten (10) days of receipt of
+        notice. Each Participant shall promptly designate an executive
+        with requisite authority to resolve the dispute.  The informal
+        procedure shall commence within ten (10) days of the date of
+        response. All reasonable requests for non-privileged information
+        reasonably related to the dispute shall be honored. If the
+        dispute is not resolved within thirty (30) days of commencement
+        of the procedure either Participant may proceed to mediation or
+        arbitration pursuant to the rules set forth in (b) or (c) below.
+
+    (b) If the dispute has not been resolved pursuant to (a) above or,
+        if the disputing Participants fail to commence informal dispute
+        resolution pursuant to (a) above, either Participant may, in
+        writing and within twenty (20) days of the response date noted
+        in (a) above, ask the other Participant to participate in a one
+        (1) day mediation with an impartial mediator, and the other
+        Participant shall do so. Each Participant will bear its own
+        expenses and an equal share of the fees of the mediator.  If the
+        mediation is not successful the Participants may proceed with
+        arbitration pursuant to (c) below.
+
+    (c) If the dispute has not been resolved pursuant to (a) or (b)
+        above, the dispute shall be promptly referred, no later than one
+        (1) year from the date of original notice and subject to
+        applicable statute of limitations, to binding arbitration in
+        accordance with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules in effect on the
+        date of this contract.  The appointing authority shall be the
+        International Centre for Dispute Resolution. The case shall be
+        administered by the International Centre for Dispute Resolution
+        under its Procedures for Cases under the UNCITRAL Arbitration
+        Rules.  Each Participant shall bear its own expenses and shall
+        share equally in fees of the arbitrator. All arbitrators shall
+        have substantial experience in information technology and/or in
+        the telecommunications business and shall be selected by the
+        disputing participants in accordance with UNCITRAL Arbitration
+        Rules. If any arbitrator, once selected is unable or unwilling
+        to continue for any reason, replacement shall be filled via the
+        process described above and a re-hearing shall be conducted. The
+        disputing Participants will provide each other with all
+        requested documents and records reasonably related to the
+        dispute in a manner that will minimize the expense and
+        inconvenience of both parties. Discovery will not include
+        depositions or interrogatories except as the arbitrators
+        expressly allow upon a showing of need. If disputes arise 
+        concerning discovery requests, the arbitrators shall have sole
+        and complete discretion to resolve the disputes. The parties and
+        arbitrator shall be guided in resolving discovery disputes by
+        the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The Participants agree
+        that time of the essence principles shall guide the hearing and
+        that the arbitrator shall have the right and authority to issue
+        monetary sanctions in the event of unreasonable delay. The
+        arbitrator shall deliver a written opinion setting forth
+        findings of fact and the rationale for the award within thirty
+        (30) days following conclusion of the hearing. The award of the
+        arbitrator, which may include legal and equitable relief, but
+        which may not include punitive damages, will be final and
+        binding upon the disputing Participants, and judgment may be
+        entered upon it in accordance with applicable law in any court
+        having jurisdiction thereof.  In addition to award the
+        arbitrator shall have the discretion to award the prevailing
+        Participant all or part of its attorneys' fees and costs,
+        including fees associated with arbitrator, if the arbitrator
+        determines that the positions taken by the other Participant on
+        material issues of the dispute were without substantial
+        foundation. Any conflict between the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules
+        and the provisions of this GPA shall be controlled by this GPA.
+
+  21. INTEGRATED AGREEMENT. This GPA, constitutes the complete
+integrated agreement between the parties concerning the subject matter
+hereof.  All prior and contemporaneous agreements, understandings,
+negotiations or representations, whether oral or in writing, relating to
+the subject matter of this GPA are superseded and canceled in their
+entirety.
+
+  22. WAIVER. No waiver of any of the provisions of this GPA shall be
+deemed or shall constitute a waiver of any other provision of this GPA,
+whether or not similar, nor shall such waiver constitute a continuing
+waiver unless otherwise expressly so provided in writing.  The failure
+of either party to enforce at any time any of the provisions of this
+GPA, or the failure to require at any time performance by either party
+of any of the provisions of this GPA, shall in no way be construed to be
+a present or future waiver of such provisions, nor in any way affect the
+ability of a Participant to enforce each and every such provision
+thereafter. 
+
+  23. INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS. Nothing in this GPA shall make the
+Parties partners, joint venturers, or otherwise associated in or with
+the business of the other.  Parties are, and shall always remain,
+independent contractors.  No Participant shall be liable for any debts,
+accounts, obligations, or other liabilities of the other Participant,
+its agents or employees.  No party is authorized to incur debts or other
+obligations of any kind on the part of or as agent for the other.  This
+GPA is not a franchise agreement and does not create a franchise
+relationship between the parties, and if any provision of this GPA is
+deemed to create a franchise between the parties, then this GPA shall
+automatically terminate. 
+
+  24. CAPTIONS AND HEADINGS. The captions and headings used in this GPA
+are used for convenience only and are not to be given any legal effect.
+
+  25. EXECUTION. This GPA may be executed in counterparts, each of which
+so executed will be deemed to be an original and such counterparts
+together will constitute one and the same Agreement.  The Parties shall
+transmit to each other a signed copy of the GPA by any means that
+faithfully reproduces the GPA along with the Signature.  For purposes of
+this GPA, the term "signature" shall include digital signatures as
+defined by the jurisdiction of the Participant signing the GPA.
+
+                         Exhibit A
+
+Weight Range            Requirements 
+
+0-99                    May only be used under authorization of Owner
+
+100-199                 May only be used by the Owner's service
+                        provider, regardless of authorization.
+
+200-299                 Reserved -- do not use for e164 context.
+
+300-399                 May only be used by the owner of the code under
+                        which the Owner's number is a part of.
+
+400-499                 May be used by any entity providing access via
+                        direct connectivity to the Public Switched
+                        Telephone Network.
+
+500-599	                May be used by any entity providing access via
+                        indirect connectivity to the Public Switched
+                        Telephone Network (e.g. Via another VoIP
+                        provider)
+
+600-                    Reserved-- do not use for e164 context.			
+
+                 Participant                         Participant
+
+Company:
+
+Address:
+
+Email:
+
+
+          _________________________           _________________________
+          Authorized Signature                Authorized Signature
+
+Name:
+
+
+END OF GENERAL PEERING AGREEMENT
+
+------------------------------------------------
+
+How to Peer using this GPA If you wish to exchange routing information
+with parties using the e164 DUNDi context, all you must do is execute
+this GPA with any member of the Peering System and you will become a
+member of the Peering System and be able to make Routes available in
+accordance with this GPA.
+
+DUNDi, IAX, Asterisk and GPA are trademarks of Digium, Inc.