path: root/tools/checkhf.pl

#!/usr/bin/env perl
#
# Copyright 2013, William Meier (See AUTHORS file)
#
# Validate hf_... and ei_... usage for a dissector file;
#
# Usage: checkhf.pl [--debug=?] <file or files>
#
# Wireshark - Network traffic analyzer
# By Gerald Combs <gerald@wireshark.org>
# Copyright 1998 Gerald Combs
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
# as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
# of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
#

## Note: This program is a re-implementation of the
##       original checkhf.pl written and (C) by Joerg Mayer.
##       The overall objective of the new implementation was to reduce
##         the number of false positives which occurred with the
##         original checkhf.pl
##
##       This program can be used to scan original .c source files or source
##        files which have been passed through a C pre-processor.
##       Operating on pre-processed source files is optimal; There should be
##        minimal false positives.
##       If the .c input is an original source file there may very well be
##        false positives/negatives due to the fact that the hf_... variables & etc
##        may be created via macros.
##
## ----- (The following is extracted from the original checkhf.pl with thanks to Joerg) -------
## Example:
## ~/work/wireshark/trunk/epan/dissectors> ../../tools/checkhf.pl packet-afs.c
## Unused entry: packet-afs.c, hf_afs_ubik_voteend
## Unused entry: packet-afs.c, hf_afs_ubik_errcode
## Unused entry: packet-afs.c, hf_afs_ubik_votetype
## ERROR: NO ARRAY: packet-afs.c, hf_afs_fs_ipaddr
##
## or checkhf.pl packet-*.c, which will check all the dissector files.
##
## NOTE: This tool currently generates false positives!
##
## The "NO ARRAY" messages - if accurate - points to an error that will
## cause (t|wire)shark to report a DISSECTOR_BUG when a packet containing
## this particular element is being dissected.
##
## The "Unused entry" message indicates the opposite: We define an entry but
## never use it (e.g., in a proto_...add... function).
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Main
#
# Logic:
# 1. Clean the input: remove blank lines, comments, quoted strings and code under '#if 0'.
# 2. hf_defs:
#            Find (and remove from input) list of hf_... variable
#            definitions ('static? g?int hf_... ;')
# 2. hf_array_entries:
#            Find (and remove from input) list of hf_... variables
#            referenced in the hf[] entries;
# 3. hf_usage:
#            From the remaining input, extract list of all strings of form hf_...
#             (which may include strings which are not actually valid
#              hf_... variable references).
# 4. Checks:
#            If entries in hf_defs not in hf_usage then "unused" (for static hf_defs only)
#            If entries in hf_defs not in hf_array_entries then "ERROR: NO ARRAY";

use strict;
use warnings;

use Getopt::Long;

my $help_flag  = '';
my $debug     = 0; # default: off; 1=cmt; 2=#if0; 3=hf_defs; 4=hf_array_entries; 5=hfusage (See code)

my $sts = GetOptions(
                     'debug=i' => \$debug,
                     'help|?'  => \$help_flag
                    );
if (!$sts || $help_flag || !$ARGV[0]) {
    usage();
}

my $error = 0;

while (my $filename = $ARGV[0]) {
    shift;

    my ($file_contents);
    my (%hf_defs, %hf_static_defs, %hf_array_entries, %hf_usage);
    my ($unused_href, $no_array_href);
    my (%ei_defs, %ei_static_defs, %ei_array_entries, %ei_usage);
    my ($unused_ei, $no_array_ei);

    read_file(\$filename, \$file_contents);

    remove_comments      (\$file_contents, $filename);
    remove_blank_lines   (\$file_contents, $filename);
    remove_quoted_strings(\$file_contents, $filename);
    remove_if0_code      (\$file_contents, $filename);

    find_remove_hf_defs                    (\$file_contents, $filename, \%hf_defs);
    find_remove_hf_array_entries           (\$file_contents, $filename, \%hf_array_entries);
    find_remove_proto_get_id_hf_assignments(\$file_contents, $filename, \%hf_array_entries);
    find_hf_usage                          (\$file_contents, $filename, \%hf_usage);

    find_remove_ei_defs                    (\$file_contents, $filename, \%ei_defs);
    find_remove_ei_array_entries           (\$file_contents, $filename, \%ei_array_entries);
    find_ei_usage                          (\$file_contents, $filename, \%ei_usage);

# Tests (See above)
# 1. Are all the static hf_defs and ei_defs entries in hf_usage and ei_usage?
#    if not: "Unused entry:"
#

    # create a hash containing entries just for the static definitions
    @hf_static_defs{grep {$hf_defs{$_} == 0} keys %hf_defs} = (); # All values in the new hash will be undef
    @ei_static_defs{grep {$ei_defs{$_} == 0} keys %ei_defs} = (); # All values in the new hash will be undef

    $unused_href = diff_hash(\%hf_static_defs, \%hf_usage);
    remove_hf_pid_from_unused_if_add_oui_call(\$file_contents, $filename, $unused_href);

    $unused_ei = diff_hash(\%ei_static_defs, \%ei_usage);

    print_list("Unused href entry: $filename: ", $unused_href);
    print_list("Unused ei entry: $filename: ", $unused_ei);

# 2. Are all the hf_defs and ei_ entries (static and global) in [hf|ei]_array_entries ?
#    (Note: if a static hf_def or ei is "unused", don't check for same in [hf|ei]_array_entries)
#    if not: "ERROR: NO ARRAY"

##    Checking for missing global defs currently gives false positives
##    So: only check static defs for now.
##    $no_array_href  = diff_hash(\%hf_defs, \%hf_array_entries);
    $no_array_href  = diff_hash(\%hf_static_defs, \%hf_array_entries);
    $no_array_href  = diff_hash($no_array_href, $unused_href); # Remove "unused" hf_... from no_array list
    $no_array_ei    = diff_hash(\%ei_static_defs, \%ei_array_entries);
    $no_array_ei    = diff_hash($no_array_ei, $unused_ei); # Remove "unused" ei_... from no_array list

    print_list("ERROR: NO ARRAY: $filename: ", $no_array_href);
    print_list("ERROR: NO ARRAY: $filename: ", $no_array_ei);

    if ((keys %{$no_array_href}) != 0) {
        $error += 1;
    }
    if ((keys %{$no_array_ei}) != 0) {
        $error += 1;
    }
}

exit (($error == 0) ? 0 : 1);   # exit 1 if ERROR


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
#
sub usage {
    print "Usage: $0 [--debug=n] Filename [...]\n";
    exit(1);
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action:  read contents of a file to specified string
# arg:     filename_ref, file_contents_ref

sub read_file {
    my ($filename_ref, $file_contents_ref) = @_;

    die "No such file: \"${$filename_ref}\"\n" if (! -e ${$filename_ref});

    # delete leading './'
    ${$filename_ref} =~ s{ ^ [.] / } {}xmso;

    # Read in the file (ouch, but it's easier that way)
    open(my $fci, "<:crlf", ${$filename_ref}) || die("Couldn't open ${$filename_ref}");

    ${$file_contents_ref} = do { local( $/ ) ; <$fci> } ;

    close($fci);

    return;
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action:  Create a hash containing entries in 'a' that are not in 'b'
# arg:     a_href, b_href
# returns: pointer to hash

sub diff_hash {
    my ($a_href, $b_href) = @_;

    my %diffs;

    @diffs{grep {! exists $b_href->{$_}} keys %{$a_href}} = (); # All values in the new hash will be undef

    return \%diffs;
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action:  print a list
# arg:     hdr, list_href

sub print_list {
    my ($hdr, $list_href) = @_;

    print
      map {"$hdr$_\n"}
        sort
          keys %{$list_href};

    return;
}

# ------------
# action:  remove blank lines from input string
# arg:     code_ref, filename

sub remove_blank_lines {
    my ($code_ref, $filename) = @_;

    ${$code_ref} =~ s{ ^ \s* \n ? } {}xmsog;

    return;
}

sub get_quoted_str_regex {
    # A regex which matches double-quoted strings.
    #    's' modifier added so that strings containing a 'line continuation'
    #    ( \ followed by a new-line) will match.
    my $double_quoted_str = qr{ (?: ["] (?: \\. | [^\"\\\n])* ["]) }xmso;

    # A regex which matches single-quoted strings.
    my $single_quoted_str = qr{ (?: ['] (?: \\. | [^\'\\\n])* [']) }xmso;

    return qr{ $double_quoted_str | $single_quoted_str }xmso;
}

# ------------
# action:  remove comments from input string
# arg:     code_ref, filename

sub remove_comments {
    my ($code_ref, $filename) = @_;

    # The below Regexp is based on one from:
    # http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Rx/Recipe/59811
    # It is in the public domain.
    # A complicated regex which matches C-style comments.
    my $c_comment_regex = qr{ / [*] [^*]* [*]+ (?: [^/*] [^*]* [*]+ )* / }xmso;

    ${$code_ref} =~ s{ $c_comment_regex } {}xmsog;

    # Remove single-line C++-style comments. Be careful not to break up strings
    # like "coap://", so match double quoted strings, single quoted characters,
    # division operator and other characters before the actual "//" comment.
    my $quoted_str = get_quoted_str_regex();
    my $cpp_comment_regex = qr{ ^((?: $quoted_str | /(?!/) | [^'"/\n] )*) // .*$ }xm;
    ${$code_ref} =~ s{ $cpp_comment_regex } { $1 }xmg;

    ($debug == 1) && print "==> After Remove Comments: code: [$filename]\n${$code_ref}\n===<\n";

    return;
}

# ------------
# action:  remove quoted strings from input string
# arg:     code_ref, filename

sub remove_quoted_strings {
    my ($code_ref, $filename) = @_;

    my $quoted_str = get_quoted_str_regex();
    ${$code_ref} =~ s{ $quoted_str } {}xmsog;

    ($debug == 1) && print "==> After Remove quoted strings: code: [$filename]\n${$code_ref}\n===<\n";

    return;
}

# -------------
# action:  remove '#if 0'd code from the input string
# args     code_ref, filename
#
# Essentially: Use s//patsub/meg to pass each line to patsub.
#              patsub monitors #if/#if 0/etc and determines
#               if a particular code line should be removed.
# XXX: This is probably pretty inefficient;
#      I could imagine using another approach such as converting
#       the input string to an array of lines and then making
#       a pass through the array deleting lines as needed.

{                               # block begin
    my ($if_lvl, $if0_lvl, $if0); # shared vars

    sub remove_if0_code {
        my ($code_ref, $filename)  = @_;

        # First see if any '#if 0' lines which need to be handled
        if (${$code_ref} !~ m{ \# \s* if \s+ 0 }xmso ) {
            return;
        }

        my ($preproc_regex) = qr{
                                    (                                    # $1 [complete line)
                                        ^
                                        (?:                              # non-capturing
                                            \s* \# \s*
                                            (if \s 0| if | else | endif) # $2 (only if #...)
                                        ) ?
                                        [^\n]*
                                        \n ?
                                    )
                            }xmso;

        ($if_lvl, $if0_lvl, $if0) = (0,0,0);
        ${$code_ref} =~ s{ $preproc_regex } { patsub($1,$2) }xmsoeg;

        ($debug == 2) && print "==> After Remove if0: code: [$filename]\n${$code_ref}\n===<\n";
        return;
    }

    sub patsub {
        if ($debug == 99) {
            print "-->$_[0]\n";
            (defined $_[1]) && print "  >$_[1]<\n";
        }

        # #if/#if 0/#else/#endif processing
        if (defined $_[1]) {
            my ($if) = $_[1];
            if ($if eq 'if') {
                $if_lvl += 1;
            }
            elsif ($if eq 'if 0') {
                $if_lvl += 1;
                if ($if0_lvl == 0) {
                    $if0_lvl = $if_lvl;
                    $if0     = 1; # inside #if 0
                }
            }
            elsif ($if eq 'else') {
                if ($if0_lvl == $if_lvl) {
                    $if0 = 0;
                }
            }
            elsif ($if eq 'endif') {
                if ($if0_lvl == $if_lvl) {
                    $if0     = 0;
                    $if0_lvl = 0;
                }
                $if_lvl -= 1;
                if ($if_lvl < 0) {
                    die "patsub: #if/#endif mismatch"
                }
            }
            return $_[0]; # don't remove preprocessor lines themselves
        }

        # not preprocessor line: See if under #if 0: If so, remove
        if ($if0 == 1) {
            return '';          # remove
        }
        return $_[0];
    }
}                               # block end

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action:  Add to hash an entry for each
#             'static? g?int hf_...' definition (including array names)
#             in the input string.
#          The entry value will be 0 for 'static' definitions and 1 for 'global' definitions;
#          Remove each definition found from the input string.
# args:    code_ref, filename, hf_defs_href
# returns: ref to the hash

sub find_remove_hf_defs {
    my ($code_ref, $filename, $hf_defs_href) = @_;

    # Build pattern to match any of the following
    #  static? g?int hf_foo = -1;
    #  static? g?int hf_foo[xxx];
    #  static? g?int hf_foo[xxx] = {

    # p1: 'static? g?int hf_foo'
    my $p1_regex = qr{
                         ^
                         \s*
                         (static \s+)?
                         g?int
                         \s+
                         (hf_[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)          # hf_..
                 }xmso;

    # p2a: ' = -1;'
    my  $p2a_regex = qr{
                           \s* = \s*
                           (?:
                               - \s* 1
                           )
                           \s* ;
                   }xmso;

    # p2b: '[xxx];' or '[xxx] = {'
    my  $p2b_regex = qr/
                           \s* \[ [^\]]+ \] \s*
                           (?:
                               = \s* [{] | ;
                           )
                       /xmso;

    my $hf_def_regex = qr{ $p1_regex (?: $p2a_regex | $p2b_regex ) }xmso;

    while (${$code_ref} =~ m{ $hf_def_regex }xmsog) {
        #print ">%s< >$2<\n", (defined $1) ? $1 ; "";
        $hf_defs_href->{$2} = (defined $1) ? 0 : 1; # 'static' if $1 is defined.
    }
    ($debug == 3) && debug_print_hash("VD: $filename", $hf_defs_href); # VariableDefinition

    # remove all
    ${$code_ref} =~ s{ $hf_def_regex } {}xmsog;
    ($debug == 3) && print "==> After remove hf_defs: code: [$filename]\n${$code_ref}\n===<\n";

    return;
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action:  Add to hash an entry (hf_...) for each hf[] entry.
#          Remove each hf[] entries found from the input string.
# args:    code_ref, filename, hf_array_entries_href

sub find_remove_hf_array_entries {
    my ($code_ref, $filename, $hf_array_entries_href) = @_;

#    hf[] entry regex (to extract an hf_index_name and associated field type)
    my $hf_array_entry_regex = qr /
                                      [{]
                                      \s*
                                      & \s* ( [a-zA-Z0-9_]+ )   # &hf
                                      (?:
                                          \s* [[] [^]]+ []]     # optional array ref
                                      ) ?
                                      \s* , \s*
                                      [{]
                                      [^}]+
                                      , \s*
                                      (FT_[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)        # field type
                                      \s* ,
                                      [^}]+
                                      , \s*
                                      (?:
                                          HFILL | HF_REF_TYPE_NONE
                                      )
                                      [^}]*
                                  }
                                  [\s,]*
                                  [}]
                                  /xmso;

    # find all the hf[] entries (searching ${$code_ref}).
    while (${$code_ref} =~ m{ $hf_array_entry_regex }xmsog) {
        ($debug == 98) && print "+++ $1 $2\n";
        $hf_array_entries_href->{$1} = undef;
    }

    ($debug == 4) && debug_print_hash("AE: $filename", $hf_array_entries_href); # ArrayEntry

    # now remove all
    ${$code_ref} =~ s{ $hf_array_entry_regex } {}xmsog;
    ($debug == 4) && print "==> After remove hf_array_entries: code: [$filename]\n${$code_ref}\n===<\n";

    return;
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action:  Add to hash an entry (hf_...) for each hf_... var
#          found in statements of the form:
#            'hf_...  = proto_registrar_get_id_byname ...'
#            'hf_...  = proto_get_id_by_filtername ...'
#          Remove each such statement found from the input string.
# args:    code_ref, filename, hf_array_entries_href

sub find_remove_proto_get_id_hf_assignments {
    my ($code_ref, $filename, $hf_array_entries_href) = @_;

    my $_regex = qr{ ( hf_ [a-zA-Z0-9_]+ )
                     \s* = \s*
                     (?: proto_registrar_get_id_byname | proto_get_id_by_filter_name )
               }xmso;

    my @hfvars = ${$code_ref} =~ m{ $_regex }xmsog;

    if (@hfvars == 0) {
        return;
    }

    # found:
    #  Sanity check: hf_vars shouldn't already be in hf_array_entries
    if (defined @$hf_array_entries_href{@hfvars}) {
        printf "? one or more of [@hfvars] initialized via proto_registrar_get_by_name() also in hf[] ??\n";
    }

    #  Now: add to hf_array_entries
    @$hf_array_entries_href{@hfvars} = ();

    ($debug == 4) && debug_print_hash("PR: $filename", $hf_array_entries_href);

    # remove from input (so not considered as 'usage')
    ${$code_ref} =~ s{ $_regex } {}xmsog;

    ($debug == 4) && print "==> After remove proto_registrar_by_name: code: [$filename]\n${$code_ref}\n===<\n";

    return;
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action: Add to hash all hf_... strings remaining in input string.
# arga:   code_ref, filename, hf_usage_href
# return: ref to hf_usage hash
#
# The hash will include *all* strings of form hf_...
#   which are in the input string (even strings which
#   aren't actually vars).
#   We don't care since we'll be checking only
#   known valid vars against these strings.

sub find_hf_usage {
    my ($code_ref, $filename, $hf_usage_href) = @_;

    my $hf_usage_regex = qr{
                               \b ( hf_[a-zA-Z0-9_]+ )      # hf_...
                       }xmso;

    while (${$code_ref} =~ m{ $hf_usage_regex }xmsog) {
        #print "$1\n";
        $hf_usage_href->{$1} += 1;
    }

    ($debug == 5) && debug_print_hash("VU: $filename", $hf_usage_href); # VariableUsage

    return;
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action: Remove from 'unused' hash an instance of a variable named hf_..._pid
#          if the source has a call to llc_add_oui() or ieee802a_add_oui().
#          (This is rather a bit of a hack).
# arga:   code_ref, filename, unused_href

sub remove_hf_pid_from_unused_if_add_oui_call {
    my ($code_ref, $filename, $unused_href) = @_;

    if ((keys %{$unused_href}) == 0) {
        return;
    }

    my @hfvars = grep { m/ ^ hf_ [a-zA-Z0-9_]+ _pid $ /xmso} keys %{$unused_href};

    if ((@hfvars == 0) || (@hfvars > 1)) {
        return;                 # if multiple unused hf_..._pid
    }

    if (${$code_ref} !~ m{ llc_add_oui | ieee802a_add_oui }xmso) {
        return;
    }

    # hf_...pid unused var && a call to ..._add_oui(); delete entry from unused
    # XXX: maybe hf_..._pid should really be added to hfUsed ?
    delete @$unused_href{@hfvars};

    return;
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action:  Add to hash an entry for each
#             'static? expert_field ei_...' definition (including array names)
#             in the input string.
#          The entry value will be 0 for 'static' definitions and 1 for 'global' definitions;
#          Remove each definition found from the input string.
# args:    code_ref, filename, hf_defs_href
# returns: ref to the hash

sub find_remove_ei_defs {
    my ($code_ref, $filename, $ei_defs_eiref) = @_;

    # Build pattern to match any of the following
    #  static? expert_field ei_foo = -1;
    #  static? expert_field ei_foo[xxx];
    #  static? expert_field ei_foo[xxx] = {

    # p1: 'static? expert_field ei_foo'
    my $p1_regex = qr{
                         ^
                         \s*
                         (static \s+)?
                         expert_field
                         \s+
                         (ei_[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)          # ei_..
                 }xmso;

    # p2a: ' = EI_INIT;'
    my  $p2a_regex = qr{
                           \s* = \s*
                           (?:
                           EI_INIT
                           )
                           \s* ;
                   }xmso;

    # p2b: '[xxx];' or '[xxx] = {'
    my  $p2b_regex = qr/
                           \s* \[ [^\]]+ \] \s*
                           (?:
                               = \s* [{] | ;
                           )
                       /xmso;

    my $ei_def_regex = qr{ $p1_regex (?: $p2a_regex | $p2b_regex ) }xmso;

    while (${$code_ref} =~ m{ $ei_def_regex }xmsog) {
        #print ">%s< >$2<\n", (defined $1) ? $1 ; "";
        $ei_defs_eiref->{$2} = (defined $1) ? 0 : 1; # 'static' if $1 is defined.
    }
    ($debug == 3) && debug_print_hash("VD: $filename", $ei_defs_eiref); # VariableDefinition

    # remove all
    ${$code_ref} =~ s{ $ei_def_regex } {}xmsog;
    ($debug == 3) && print "==> After remove ei_defs: code: [$filename]\n${$code_ref}\n===<\n";

    return;
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action:  Add to hash an entry (ei_...) for each ei[] entry.
#          Remove each ei[] entries found from the input string.
# args:    code_ref, filename, ei_array_entries_href

sub find_remove_ei_array_entries {
    my ($code_ref, $filename, $ei_array_entries_eiref) = @_;

#    ei[] entry regex (to extract an ei_index_name and associated field type)
    my $ei_array_entry_regex = qr /
                                   {
                                      \s*
                                      & \s* ( [a-zA-Z0-9_]+ )   # &ei
                                      (?:
                                          \s* [ [^]]+ ]         # optional array ref
                                      ) ?
                                      \s* , \s*
                                      {
                                          # \s* "[^"]+"         # (filter string has been removed already)
                                          \s* , \s*
                                          PI_[A-Z0-9_]+         # event group
                                          \s* , \s*
                                          PI_[A-Z0-9_]+         # event severity
                                          \s* ,
                                          [^,]*                 # description string (already removed) or NULL
                                          , \s*
                                          EXPFILL
                                          \s*
                                      }
                                  \s*
                                  }
                                  /xs;

    # find all the ei[] entries (searching ${$code_ref}).
    while (${$code_ref} =~ m{ $ei_array_entry_regex }xsg) {
        ($debug == 98) && print "+++ $1\n";
        $ei_array_entries_eiref->{$1} = undef;
    }

    ($debug == 4) && debug_print_hash("AE: $filename", $ei_array_entries_eiref); # ArrayEntry

    # now remove all
    ${$code_ref} =~ s{ $ei_array_entry_regex } {}xmsog;
    ($debug == 4) && print "==> After remove ei_array_entries: code: [$filename]\n${$code_ref}\n===<\n";

    return;
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# action: Add to hash all ei_... strings remaining in input string.
# arga:   code_ref, filename, ei_usage_eiref
# return: ref to ei_usage hash
#
# The hash will include *all* strings of form ei_...
#   which are in the input string (even strings which
#   aren't actually vars).
#   We don't care since we'll be checking only
#   known valid vars against these strings.

sub find_ei_usage {
    my ($code_ref, $filename, $ei_usage_eiref) = @_;

    my $ei_usage_regex = qr{
                               \b ( ei_[a-zA-Z0-9_]+ )      # ei_...
                       }xmso;

    while (${$code_ref} =~ m{ $ei_usage_regex }xmsog) {
        #print "$1\n";
        $ei_usage_eiref->{$1} += 1;
    }

    ($debug == 5) && debug_print_hash("VU: $filename", $ei_usage_eiref); # VariableUsage

    return;
}

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
sub debug_print_hash {
    my ($title, $href) = @_;

    ##print "==> $title\n";
    for my $k (sort keys %{$href}) {
        my $h = defined($href->{$k}) ?  $href->{$k} : "undef";
        printf "%-40.40s %5.5s %s\n", $title, $h, $k;
    }
}