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diff --git a/src/libmsc/msc_i_remote.c b/src/libmsc/msc_i_remote.c
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+++ b/src/libmsc/msc_i_remote.c
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+/* The MSC-I role implementation variant that forwards requests to/from a remote MSC. */
+/*
+ * (C) 2019 by sysmocom - s.m.f.c. GmbH <info@sysmocom.de>
+ * All Rights Reserved
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0+
+ *
+ * Author: Neels Hofmeyr
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include <osmocom/core/fsm.h>
+
+#include <osmocom/msc/debug.h>
+#include <osmocom/msc/gsm_data.h>
+#include <osmocom/msc/msc_i_remote.h>
+#include <osmocom/msc/msc_roles.h>
+#include <osmocom/msc/msub.h>
+#include <osmocom/msc/msc_i.h>
+#include <osmocom/msc/e_link.h>
+
+static struct osmo_fsm msc_i_remote_fsm;
+
+static struct msc_i *msc_i_remote_priv(struct osmo_fsm_inst *fi)
+{
+ OSMO_ASSERT(fi);
+ OSMO_ASSERT(fi->fsm == &msc_i_remote_fsm);
+ OSMO_ASSERT(fi->priv);
+ return fi->priv;
+}
+
+/* The idea is that this msc_i role is event-compatible to the "real" msc_i.c FSM, but instead of acting on the events
+ * directly, it forwards the events to a remote MSC-I role, via E-over-GSUP.
+ *
+ * [MSC-A-----------------] [MSC-B-----------------]
+ * msc_a --> msc_i_remote ----GSUP---> msc_a_remote --> msc_i ---BSSMAP--> [BSS]
+ * you are here^
+ */
+static int msc_i_remote_msg_down_to_remote_msc(struct msc_i *msc_i,
+ enum osmo_gsup_message_type message_type,
+ struct an_apdu *an_apdu)
+{
+ struct osmo_gsup_message m;
+ struct e_link *e = msc_i->c.remote_to;
+
+ if (!e) {
+ LOG_MSC_I_REMOTE(msc_i, LOGL_ERROR, "No E link to remote MSC, cannot send AN-APDU\n");
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+ if (e_prep_gsup_msg(e, MSC_ROLE_A, &m)) {
+ LOG_MSC_I_REMOTE(msc_i, LOGL_ERROR, "Error composing E-interface GSUP message\n");
+ return -1;
+ }
+ m.message_type = message_type;
+ if (an_apdu) {
+ if (gsup_msg_assign_an_apdu(&m, an_apdu)) {
+ LOG_MSC_I_REMOTE(msc_i, LOGL_ERROR, "Error composing E-interface GSUP message\n");
+ return -1;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return e_tx(e, &m);
+}
+
+/* [MSC-A-----------------] [MSC-B-----------------]
+ * msc_a <-- msc_i_remote <---GSUP---- msc_a_remote <-- msc_i <--BSSMAP--- [BSS]
+ * you are here^
+ */
+static int msc_i_remote_rx_gsup(struct msc_i *msc_i, const struct osmo_gsup_message *gsup_msg)
+{
+ uint32_t event;
+ struct an_apdu an_apdu;
+ int rc;
+
+ /* MSC_A_EV_FROM_I_COMPLETE_LAYER_3 will never occur with a remote MSC-I, since all Complete Layer 3 will happen
+ * between a local MSC-A and local MSC-I roles. Only after an inter-MSC Handover will there possibly exist a
+ * remote MSC-I, which is long after Complete Layer 3. */
+
+ switch (gsup_msg->message_type) {
+ case OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_PROCESS_ACCESS_SIGNALLING_REQUEST:
+ case OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_PREPARE_SUBSEQUENT_HANDOVER_REQUEST:
+ event = MSC_A_EV_FROM_I_PROCESS_ACCESS_SIGNALLING_REQUEST;
+ break;
+
+ case OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_SEND_END_SIGNAL_REQUEST:
+ event = MSC_A_EV_FROM_I_SEND_END_SIGNAL_REQUEST;
+ break;
+
+ case OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_CLOSE:
+ case OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_ABORT:
+ case OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_ROUTING_ERROR:
+ msc_i_clear(msc_i);
+ return 0;
+
+ default:
+ LOG_MSC_I_REMOTE(msc_i, LOGL_ERROR, "Unhandled GSUP message type: %s\n",
+ osmo_gsup_message_type_name(gsup_msg->message_type));
+ return -1;
+ };
+
+ /* [MSC-A-----------------] [MSC-B-----------------]
+ * msc_a <-- msc_i_remote <---GSUP---- msc_a_remote <-- msc_i <--BSSMAP--- [BSS]
+ * ^you are here
+ */
+ gsup_msg_to_an_apdu(&an_apdu, gsup_msg);
+ rc = msub_role_dispatch(msc_i->c.msub, MSC_ROLE_A, event, &an_apdu);
+ if (an_apdu.msg)
+ msgb_free(an_apdu.msg);
+ return rc;
+}
+
+static void msc_i_remote_fsm_ready(struct osmo_fsm_inst *fi, uint32_t event, void *data)
+{
+ struct msc_i *msc_i = msc_i_remote_priv(fi);
+ struct an_apdu *an_apdu;
+
+ switch (event) {
+
+ case MSC_REMOTE_EV_RX_GSUP:
+ /* [MSC-A-----------------] [MSC-B-----------------]
+ * msc_a <-- msc_i_remote <---GSUP---- msc_a_remote <-- msc_i <--BSSMAP--- [BSS]
+ * you are here^
+ */
+ msc_i_remote_rx_gsup(msc_i, (const struct osmo_gsup_message*)data);
+ return;
+
+ case MSC_I_EV_FROM_A_FORWARD_ACCESS_SIGNALLING_REQUEST:
+ /* [MSC-A-----------------] [MSC-B-----------------]
+ * msc_a --> msc_i_remote ----GSUP---> msc_a_remote --> msc_i ---BSSMAP--> [BSS]
+ * ^you are here
+ */
+ an_apdu = data;
+ msc_i_remote_msg_down_to_remote_msc(msc_i, OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_FORWARD_ACCESS_SIGNALLING_REQUEST, an_apdu);
+ return;
+
+ case MSC_I_EV_FROM_A_PREPARE_SUBSEQUENT_HANDOVER_RESULT:
+ /* [MSC-A-----------------] [MSC-B-----------------]
+ * msc_a --> msc_i_remote ----GSUP---> msc_a_remote --> msc_i ---BSSMAP--> [BSS]
+ * ^you are here
+ */
+ an_apdu = data;
+ msc_i_remote_msg_down_to_remote_msc(msc_i, OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_PREPARE_SUBSEQUENT_HANDOVER_RESULT, an_apdu);
+ return;
+
+ case MSC_I_EV_FROM_A_PREPARE_SUBSEQUENT_HANDOVER_ERROR:
+ /* [MSC-A-----------------] [MSC-B-----------------]
+ * msc_a --> msc_i_remote ----GSUP---> msc_a_remote --> msc_i ---BSSMAP--> [BSS]
+ * ^you are here
+ */
+ an_apdu = data;
+ msc_i_remote_msg_down_to_remote_msc(msc_i, OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_PREPARE_SUBSEQUENT_HANDOVER_ERROR, an_apdu);
+ return;
+
+ case MSC_I_EV_FROM_A_SEND_END_SIGNAL_RESPONSE:
+ /* [MSC-A-----------------] [MSC-B-----------------]
+ * msc_a --> msc_i_remote ----GSUP---> msc_a_remote --> msc_i ---BSSMAP--> [BSS]
+ * ^you are here
+ */
+ an_apdu = data;
+ msc_i_remote_msg_down_to_remote_msc(msc_i, OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_SEND_END_SIGNAL_RESULT, an_apdu);
+ return;
+
+ default:
+ OSMO_ASSERT(false);
+ }
+}
+
+static void msc_i_remote_fsm_clearing_onenter(struct osmo_fsm_inst *fi, uint32_t prev_state)
+{
+ osmo_fsm_inst_term(fi, OSMO_FSM_TERM_REGULAR, fi);
+}
+
+static void msc_i_remote_fsm_cleanup(struct osmo_fsm_inst *fi, enum osmo_fsm_term_cause cause)
+{
+ struct msc_i *msc_i = msc_i_remote_priv(fi);
+ msc_i_remote_msg_down_to_remote_msc(msc_i, OSMO_GSUP_MSGT_E_CLOSE, NULL);
+}
+
+#define S(x) (1 << (x))
+
+static const struct osmo_fsm_state msc_i_remote_fsm_states[] = {
+ [MSC_I_ST_READY] = {
+ .name = "READY",
+ .action = msc_i_remote_fsm_ready,
+ .in_event_mask = 0
+ | S(MSC_REMOTE_EV_RX_GSUP)
+ | S(MSC_I_EV_FROM_A_FORWARD_ACCESS_SIGNALLING_REQUEST)
+ | S(MSC_I_EV_FROM_A_PREPARE_SUBSEQUENT_HANDOVER_RESULT)
+ | S(MSC_I_EV_FROM_A_PREPARE_SUBSEQUENT_HANDOVER_ERROR)
+ ,
+ .out_state_mask = 0
+ | S(MSC_I_ST_CLEARING)
+ ,
+ },
+ [MSC_I_ST_CLEARING] = {
+ .name = "CLEARING",
+ .onenter = msc_i_remote_fsm_clearing_onenter,
+ },
+};
+
+static struct osmo_fsm msc_i_remote_fsm = {
+ .name = "msc_i_remote",
+ .states = msc_i_remote_fsm_states,
+ .num_states = ARRAY_SIZE(msc_i_remote_fsm_states),
+ .log_subsys = DMSC,
+ .event_names = msc_i_fsm_event_names,
+ .cleanup = msc_i_remote_fsm_cleanup,
+};
+
+static __attribute__((constructor)) void msc_i_remote_fsm_init(void)
+{
+ OSMO_ASSERT(osmo_fsm_register(&msc_i_remote_fsm) == 0);
+}
+
+struct msc_i *msc_i_remote_alloc(struct msub *msub, struct ran_infra *ran, struct e_link *e)
+{
+ struct msc_i *msc_i;
+
+ msub_role_alloc(msub, MSC_ROLE_I, &msc_i_remote_fsm, struct msc_i, ran);
+ msc_i = msub_msc_i(msub);
+ if (!msc_i)
+ return NULL;
+
+ e_link_assign(e, msc_i->c.fi);
+ if (!msc_i->c.remote_to) {
+ LOG_MSC_I_REMOTE(msc_i, LOGL_ERROR, "Failed to set up E link over GSUP to remote MSC\n");
+ msc_i_clear(msc_i);
+ return NULL;
+ }
+
+ return msc_i;
+}